Julian FIERREZ

Ongoing Projects

(2022) VERIDAS-ANTISPOOF

Title: Detecting Fraud in Facial Biometric Systems
Type: R&D Contract with Veridas
Funding: ca. 40 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: March 2022 - November 2022
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez and Aythami Morales

Objectives:

Research and Development of a software module able to detect presentation attacks to facial biometric systems (e.g., facial masks, printed faces, replay attacks) in accordance to NIST and ISO developments in this area.

Selected publications:

J. Hernandez-Ortega, J. Fierrez, A. Morales and J. Galbally, "Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advances", in Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing, S. Marcel, J. Fierrez, N. Evans (Eds.), Springer, 2022. (3rd Ed., to appear) [PDF] [DOI]
J. Galbally, S. Marcel and J. Fierrez, "Biometric Anti-spoofing Methods: A Survey in Face Recognition", IEEE Access, vol. 2, pp. 1530-1552, December 2014. [PDF] [DOI]
J. Galbally, S. Marcel and J. Fierrez, "Image Quality Assessment for Fake Biometric Detection: Application to Iris, Fingerprint and Face Recognition", IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, February 2014. [PDF] [DOI] [Dataset]

Web: https://veridas.com/

Finished Projects

(2020-2021) VERIDAS-FACIAL-Q

Title: Quality Measurement for Face Biometrics
Type: R&D Contract with Veridas
Funding: ca. 40 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: September 2020 - June 2021
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez

Objectives:

Research and Development of a software module able to measure facial biometric quality both as a single scalar measure that predicts the utility of the face input and as a vector or quality indicators in accordance to NIST developments in this area.

Selected publications:

T. Schlett, C. Rathgeb, O. Henniger, J. Galbally, J. Fierrez and C. Busch, "Face Image Quality Assessment: A Literature Survey", ACM Computing Surveys, 2022. [PDF] [DOI]
J. Hernandez-Ortega, J. Fierrez, L. F. Gomez, A. Morales, J. L. Gonzalez-de-Suso and F. Zamora-Martinez, "FaceQvec: Vector Quality Assessment for Face Biometrics based on ISO Compliance", in IEEE/CVF Winter Conf. on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVw), Waikoloa, HI, USA, January 2022. [PDF] [DOI] [Code] [Tech]
J. Hernandez-Ortega, J. Galbally, J. Fierrez, R. Haraksim and L. Beslay, "FaceQnet: Quality Assessment for Face Recognition based on Deep Learning", in Proc. IAPR Intl. Conf. on Biometrics, ICB, Crete, Greece, June 2019. [PDF] [DOI] [Dataset]

Web: https://veridas.com/

(2019-2021) UAM-edBB

Title: Biometrics and Behavior for Assessing Remote Education
Type: R&D Commission funded by UAM
Funding: ca. 30 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: October 2019 - December 2021
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez and Aythami Morales

Objectives:

Research and Development in biometrics for enabling remote assesment of e-learning sessions conducted in desktop computers with webcam, physical keyboard, and mouse.

Selected publications:

R. Daza, D. DeAlcala, A. Morales, R. Tolosana, R. Cobos and J. Fierrez, "ALEBk: Feasibility Study of Attention Level Estimation via Blink Detection applied to e-Learning", in AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Education (AI4EDU), Vancouver, Canada, February 2022. [PDF] [DOI] [Dataset]
J. Hernandez-Ortega, R. Daza, A. Morales, Julian Fierrez and R. Tolosana, "Heart Rate Estimation from Face Videos for Student Assessment: Experiments on edBB", in IEEE Conf. on Computers, Software, and Applications (COMPSAC), Madrid, Spain, July 2020. [PDF] [DOI] [Dataset]
J. Hernandez-Ortega, R. Daza, A. Morales, J. Fierrez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "edBB: Biometrics and Behavior for Assessing Remote Education", in AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Education (AI4EDU), New York, USA, February 2020. [PDF] [DOI] [Dataset]

(2018-2020) FBBVA-BIOGUARD

Title: Mobile User Monitoring from Heterogeneous Biometric Data
Type: Competitive Research Grant, BBVA Foundation
Funding: ca. 100 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: September 2018 - August 2020
Principal investigator(s): Javier Ortega-Garcia

Objectives:

To explore new mobile continuous monitoring schemes based on the ensemble of heterogeneous data generated from the interaction between human and devices.
The study of novel continuous trustworthy metrics developed specifically for mobile scenarios.
The study of new combination methods to exploit the discriminative ability of patterns from multiple sources of information.

Selected publications:

R. Tolosana, R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Fierrez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "BioTouchPass2: Touchscreen Password Biometrics Using Time-Aligned Recurrent Neural Networks", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 15, pp. 2616-2628, 2020. [PDF] [DOI] [Dataset] [Tech]
A. Morales, A. Acien, J. Fierrez, J. V. Monaco, R. Tolosana, R. Vera-Rodriguez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Keystroke Biometrics in Response to Fake News Propagation in a Global Pandemic", in IEEE Intl. Workshop on Secure Digital Identity Management (SDIM), Madrid, Spain, July 2020. [PDF] [DOI]
A. Acien, A. Morales, R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Fierrez and O. Delgado, "Smartphone Sensors For Modeling Human-Computer Interaction: General Outlook And Research Datasets For User Authentication", in IEEE Intl. Workshop on Consumer Devices and Systems (CDS), Madrid, Spain, July 2020. [PDF] [DOI]

Web: https://www.fbbva.es/ayudas/ayudas-equipos-investigacion-cientifica-big-data-2017/

(2017-2021) ACN-ANALYTICS

Title: Advanced Analytics
Type: Technical Support Contract with Accenture
Funding: ca. 80 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: February 2017 - January 2021
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez

Objectives:

Technical support in advanced analytics including text, image, and video inputs.

Selected publications:

A. Peña, I. Serna, A. Morales and J. Fierrez, "Bias in Multimodal AI: Testbed for Fair Automatic Recruitment", in IEEE/CVF Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRw), Seattle, USA, June 2020. [PDF] [DOI]
I. Serna, A. Morales, J. Fierrez, M. Cebrian, N. Obradovich and I. Rahwan, "Algorithmic Discrimination: Formulation and Exploration in Deep Learning-based Face Biometrics", in AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety (SafeAI), New York, USA, February 2020. [PDF] [DOI]

Web: https://www.accenture.com/

(2017-2018) CEAL-NEUROMETRICS

Title: Characterization of Neuro-Degenerative Disorders with new Biomarkers
Type: Competitive Research Grant (UAM-CEAL), Banco Santander
Code: CEAL-AL/2017-13
Funding: 12.5 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: July 2017 - December 2018
Principal investigator(s): Aythami Morales

Objectives:

To study new biomarkers for monitoring neuro-degenerative disorders.
To foster research collaborations between Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain) and Universidad de Antioquia (Colombia).

Selected publications:

R. Castrillon, A. Acien, J. Orozco-Arroyave, A. Morales, J. Vargas, R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Fierrez, J. Ortega-Garcia and A. Villegas, "Characterization of the Handwriting Skills as a Biomarker for Parkinson Disease", in IEEE Intl. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), Lille, France, May 2019. [PDF] [DOI]
J. Hernandez-Ortega, J. Fierrez, E. Gonzalez-Sosa and A. Morales, "Continuous Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics based on Heart Rate", X. Bai et al. (Eds.) in Video Analytics. Face and Facial Expression Recognition, LNCS, Springer, vol. 11264, April 2019. [PDF] [DOI]

Web: https://goo.gl/BCyF6y

(2016-2020) CECA-ANALYTICS

Title: Cognitive Analytics for Biometric Signature Authentication in Banking Scenarios
Type: R&D Contract with Cecabank
Funding: ca. 40 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: October 2016 - September 2020
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez

Objectives:

Research and Development in biometrics for improving the security and the user experience in banking applications at bank branches, remotely using desktop computing, and in mobile scenarios using smartphones.

Selected publications:

R. Tolosana, R. Vera-Rodriguez and J. Fierrez, "BioTouchPass: Handwritten Passwords for Touchscreen Biometrics", IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1532-1543, July 2020. [PDF] [DOI] [Dataset] [Tech]
R. Tolosana, R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Fierrez, A. Morales and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Do You Need More Data? The DeepSignDB On-line Handwritten Signature Biometric Database", in IAPR Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), Sydney, Australia, September 2019, pp. 1143-1148. [PDF] [DOI]
R. Tolosana, R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Fierrez, A. Morales and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Benchmarking Desktop and Mobile Handwriting across COTS Devices: the e-BioSign Biometric Database", PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. e0176792, May 2017. [PDF] [DOI] [Dataset]

Web: https://www.eng.cecabank.es/

(2014-2016) CECA-SIGN

Title: e-BioSign: Improvement of Signature Comparison Technology
Type: R&D Contract with Cecabank
Funding: ca. 100 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: April 2014 - May 2016
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez and Javier Ortega-Garcia

Objectives:

Transfer of signature biometrics technology, including the development of an SDK to be integrated in Ceca systems.
Development of methods and tools to enable the forensic comparison of dynamic signatures, under the same principles followed by forensic experts when comparing signature images.

Selected publications:

R. Tolosana, R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Fierrez, A. Morales and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Benchmarking Desktop and Mobile Handwriting across COTS Devices: the e-BioSign Biometric Database", PLOS ONE, Vol. 5, n. 12, 2017. [PDF]
R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Fierrez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Dynamic Signatures as Forensic Evidence: A New Expert Tool Including Population Statistics", Massimo Tistarelli and Christophe Champod (Eds.), Handbook of Biometrics for Forensic Science, Springer, pp. 329-349, 2017. [PDF]
R. Tolosana, R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Ortega-Garcia and J. Fierrez, "Preprocessing and Feature Selection for Improved Sensor Interoperability in Online Biometric Signature Verification", IEEE Access, Vol. 3, pp. 478 - 489, May 2015. [PDF] [DOI]

Web: https://www.eng.cecabank.es/

(2012) DGGC-FACIAL

Title: Face Recognition at a Distance with Application to Forensics
Type: R&D Contract with the Spanish Ministry of the Interior, Direccion General de la Guardia Civil
Funding: ca. 30 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: January 2012 - December 2012
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez and Javier Ortega-Garcia

Objectives:

Technical support and development of software tools for improving facial comparisons.
Scientific evidence on the discriminant power of various facial regions.
Error analysis when manually marking landmarks before facial comparisons.

Selected publications:

P. Tome, R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Fierrez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Facial Soft Biometric Features for Forensic Face Recognition", Forensic Science International, Vol. 257, pp. 171-284, December 2015. [PDF] [DOI]
P. Tome, J. Fierrez, R. Vera-Rodriguez and D. Ramos, "Identification using Face Regions: Application and Assessment in Forensic Scenarios", Forensic Science International, n. 233, pp. 75-83, 2013. [PDF] [DOI]
R. Vera-Rodriguez, P. Tome, J. Fierrez, N. Exposito and F. J. Vega, "Analysis of the Variability of Facial Landmarks in a Forensic Scenario", in Proc. International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics, pp. 1-4, 2013. [PDF] [DOI]
P. Tome, L. Blazquez, R. Vera-Rodriguez, J. Fierrez, J. Ortega-Garcia, N. Exposito and P. Leston, "Understanding the Discrimination Power of Facial Regions in Forensic Casework", in Proc. International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics, 2013. [PDF] [DOI]

Web: http://www.guardiacivil.es/en/

(2011-2012) SIGMA-SIGN

Title: Signature Biometrics for Smartphones
Type: R&D Contract with Sigma Technologies S.L. (now Sigma Technologies Global), Neotec program from CDTI
Funding: ca. 100 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: December 2011 - May 2012
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez and Javier Ortega-Garcia

Objectives:

Development of an SDK for signature biometrics for desktop and mobile scenarios.

Selected publications:

M. Martinez-Diaz and J. Fierrez, "Signature Databases and Evaluation", Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Biometrics, Springer, pp. 1367-1375, 2015. [DOI]
M. Martinez-Diaz, J. Fierrez and S. Hangai, "Signature Features", Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Biometrics, Springer, pp. 1375-1382, 2015. [DOI]
M. Martinez-Diaz, J. Fierrez and S. Hangai, "Signature Matching", Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Biometrics, Springer, pp. 1382-1387, 2015. [DOI]

Web: https://www.sigma-ai.com/

(2010-2014) TELEF-CAT

Title: Catedra UAM-Telefonica
Type: R&D Contract with Telefonica International
Funding: ca. 100 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: January 2010 - December 2014
Principal investigator(s): Javier Ortega-Garcia

Objectives:

R&D in biometrics for secure authentication.
Various dissemination actions at university level to promote science & technology with application to the areas of interest of Telefonica.

Selected publications:

J. Siguenza, J. Fierrez, UAM Summer School: The New Digital Civilization in Rural Areas, Alcazar de San Juan, Spain, July 2010. [Program, which included the participation of Telefonica CEO]

Web: https://goo.gl/khGN5p

(2010-2011) CCN-SEC

Title: Technical Support for Common Criteria Developments
Type: R&D Contract with the Spanish Ministry of Defense, National Cryptographic Center
Funding: ca. 35 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: January 2010 - December 2011
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez

Objectives:

Technical support for Common Criteria developments, including: i) development of guidelines and best practices for performance and security evaluation of biometric systems, and ii) performance and security evaluation of various biometric systems.

Selected publications:

A. Hadid, N. Evans, S. Marcel and J. Fierrez, "Biometrics Systems under Spoofing Attack: An Evaluation Methodology and Lessons Learned", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Special Issue on Biometric Security and Privacy, Vol. 32, n. 5, pp. 20-30, September 2015. [PDF] [DOI]
M. Martinez-Diaz, J. Fierrez, J. Galbally and J. Ortega-Garcia, "An evaluation of indirect attacks and countermeasures in fingerprint verification systems", Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 32, pp. 1643-1651, September 2011. [PDF] [DOI]
J. Galbally, J. Fierrez, F. Alonso-Fernandez and M. Martinez-Diaz, "Evaluation of Direct Attacks to Fingerprint Verification Systems", Telecommunication Systems, Special Issue on Biometrics, Vol. 47, n. 3, pp. 243-254, January 2011. [PDF] [DOI]

Web: https://www.ccn.cni.es/

(2009-2011) DGGC-SIGN

Title: Biografo 2.0: Automatic Writer Recognition
Type: R&D Contract with the Spanish Ministry of the Interior, Direccion General de la Guardia Civil
Funding: ca. 60 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: January 2009 - December 2011
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez and Javier Ortega-Garcia

Objectives:

Development of a semi-automatic writer identification system: Biografo 2.0.
Generation of a handwritten character database according to typical forensic scenarios to evaluate Biografo 2.0.

Selected publications:

J. Galbally, S. Gonzalez-Dominguez, J. Fierrez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Biografo: An Integrated Tool for Forensic Writer Identification", in Proc. Intl. Workshop on Computational Forensics, Springer LNCS-8915, pp. 200-211, November 2015. [PDF] [DOI]
R. Fernandez-de-Sevilla, F. Alonso-Fernandez, J. Fierrez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Forensic Writer Identification Using Allographic Features", in IAPR Proc. International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, November 2010. [PDF]

Web: http://www.guardiacivil.es/en/

(2009-2011) DGGC-FINGER

Title: Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems for Forensic Evidence Evaluation
Type: R&D Contract with the Spanish Ministry of the Interior, Direccion General de la Guardia Civil
Funding: ca. 100 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: January 2009 - December 2011
Principal investigator(s): Daniel Ramos and Javier Ortega-Garcia

Objectives:

Research in fingerprint and palmprint biometrics with application to forensics.
Evaluation of the Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) currently in use by the DGGC.
Development of guidelines and tools for better exploitation of AFIS results in forensic reports.

Selected publications:

D. Ramos, R. P. Krish, J. Fierrez and D. Meuwly, "From Biometric Scores to Forensic Likelihood Ratios", Massimo Tistarelli and Christophe Champod (Eds.), Handbook of Biometrics for Forensic Science, Springer, pp. 305-327, 2017. [PDF] [DOI]
R. P. Krish, J. Fierrez, D. Ramos, J. Ortega-Garcia and J. Bigun, "Pre-Registration of Latent Fingerprints based on Orientation Field", IET Biometrics, Vol. 4, pp. 42-52, June 2015. [PDF] [DOI]
R. Wang, D. Ramos, R. Veldhuis, J. Fierrez, L. Spreeuwers and H. Xu, "Regional Fusion for High-Resolution Palmprint Recognition Using Spectral Minutiae Representation", IET Biometrics, Vol. 3, pp. 94-100, June 2014. [PDF] [DOI]
M. Puertas, D. Ramos, J. Fierrez, J. Ortega-Garcia and N. Exposito, "Towards a Better Understanding of the Performance of Latent Fingerprint Recognition in Realistic Forensic Conditions", in Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2010, pp. 1638 -1641, August 2010. [PDF] [DOI]

Web: http://www.guardiacivil.es/en/

(2008-2009) CCN-SEC

Title: Technical Support for Common Criteria Developments
Type: R&D Contract with the Spanish Ministry of Defense, National Cryptographic Center
Funding: ca. 75 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: January 2008 - December 2009
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez and Javier Ortega-Garcia

Objectives:

Technical support for Common Criteria developments, including: i) development of guidelines and best practices for performance and security evaluation of biometric systems, and ii) performance and security evaluation of various biometric systems.

Selected publications:

A. Hadid, N. Evans, S. Marcel and J. Fierrez, "Biometrics Systems under Spoofing Attack: An Evaluation Methodology and Lessons Learned", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Special Issue on Biometric Security and Privacy, Vol. 32, n. 5, pp. 20-30, September 2015. [PDF] [DOI]
J. Galbally, R. Cappelli, A. Lumini, G. Gonzalez-de-Rivera, D. Maltoni, J. Fierrez, J. Ortega-Garcia and D. Maio, "An Evaluation of Direct Attacks Using Fake Fingers Generated from ISO Templates", Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 31, n. 8, pp. 725-732, June 2010. [PDF] [DOI]
J. Galbally, C. McCool, J. Fierrez, S. Marcel and J. Ortega-Garcia, "On the Vulnerability of Face Verification Systems to Hill-Climbing Attacks", Pattern Recognition, Vol. 43, n. 3, pp. 1027-1038, March 2010. [PDF] [DOI]

Web: https://www.ccn.cni.es/

(2007-2008) MINA-FUSION

Title: Mulfi-Factor Identification, Recognition, and Authentication (PIRAMID)
Type: R&D Contract with Mina Software, S.L. (later on evolved to Eleven Paths, a part of the Telefonica group)
Funding: ca. 35 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: April 2007 - October 2008
Principal investigator(s): Julian Fierrez and Javier Ortega-Garcia

Objectives:

Development of an SDK for information fusion.

Selected publications:

J. Fierrez, A. Morales, R. Vera-Rodriguez and D. Camacho, "Multiple Classifiers in Biometrics. Part 1: Fundamentals and Review", Information Fusion, Vol. 44, pp. 57-64, November 2018. [PDF] [DOI]

Web: https://www.elevenpaths.com/

(2004-2008) SUBDEF-SPEECH

Title: Speaker and Language Recognition
Type: R&D Contract with the Spanish Ministry of Defense
Funding: ca. 400 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: January 2004 - December 2008
Principal investigator(s): Joaquin Gonzalez-Rodriguez and Javier Ortega-Garcia

Selected publications:

A. Harriero, D. Ramos, J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez and J. Fierrez, "Analysis of the Utility of Classical and Novel Speech Quality Measures for Speaker Verification", in Proceedings of International Conference on Biometrics, Springer LNCS-5558, pp. 434-442, June 2009. [PDF] [DOI]
J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, D. Ramos-Castro, D. Torre-Toledano, A. Montero-Asenjo, J. Gonzalez-Dominguez, I. Lopez-Moreno, J. Fierrez-Aguilar, D. Garcia-Romero and J. Ortega-Garcia, "On the use of high-level information for speaker recognition: the ATVS-UAM system at NIST SRE 2005", IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, Vol. 22, n. 1, pp. 15 - 21, January 2007. [PDF]
D. Ramos-Castro, J. Fierrez-Aguilar, J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Speaker Verification using Speaker- and Test-dependent Fast Score Normalization", Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 28, pp. 90-98, January 2007. [PDF]
D. Garcia-Romero, J. Fierrez-Aguilar, J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "Using quality measures for multilevel speaker recognition", Computer Speech and Language, Vol. 20, n. 2, pp. 192-209, April-July 2006. [PDF] [DOI]

(2004-2005) BBVA-SIGN

Title: Signature Biometrics on Tablet PC
Type: R&D Contract with BBVA bank
Funding: ca. 60 Keuros
Participants: Univ. Autonoma de Madrid
Period: October 2004 - May 2005
Principal investigator(s): Javier Ortega-Garcia and Joaquin Gonzalez-Rodriguez

Objectives:

Development of a prototype for signature authentication (login) on Tablet PC.

Selected publications:

J. Fierrez and J. Ortega-Garcia, "On-line Signature Verification", A. K. Jain, A. Ross and P.Flynn (Eds.), Handbook of Biometrics, Springer, pp. 189-209, 2008. [PDF] [DOI]
F. Alonso-Fernandez, J. Fierrez-Aguilar, J. Ortega-Garcia and J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, "Secure Access System using Signature Verification over Tablet PC", IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, Vol. 22, n. 4, pp. 3-8, April 2007. [PDF]

Web: https://www.bbva.es/